-- -- I FORESTS-OF TROPICS OF REGIONAL ' THE SOUT UMID AND THE NATURAL RE . . .;* I & ! . . $ - * > !-#;% , , : P r FV, A>:- k,.*k , .* PROCEEDINGS OF THE IIUMID TROPICS OF SOUTH AND SOUTH EAST ASIA KANDY, SRI LANKA 19-22 March 1996 Regional Seminar On Forests Of The Humid Tropics Of South And South East Asia ORGANIZED BY NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON MAN AND THE BIOSPHERE AlVD THE NATURAL RESOURCES, ENERGY & SCIENCE AUTHORITY SPONSORED BY UNESCO, NORAD & MAC ARTHUR FOUNDATION National Science Foundation 4715, Maitland Place Colombo 7 SPU LANKA January 1999 A11 Rights Reserved No part of this publication may be produced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanics:, photoc;opying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the Publisher. The statements and the views presented in the proceedings were not necessarily those of the Sri Lanka National Committee on Man & the Biosphere (MAB), Natural Resources Energy & Science Authority (NARESA) or TJNESCO Printed by National Science Foundation 4715, Maitland Place Colombo 7 SRI LANKA Tel: 94-1-696771-3 Fax : 94-1-691691,94 - 1- 694754 E-Mail : info@nsf.ac.lk C O N T E N T S List of Participants Acknowledgements Addr.=ss by the Director General Natural Resources Energy and Science Authority Pro$ Priyani E. Soysa Address by r-lon. Bernard Soysa (Minister of Science, Technology 8r. Human Resources Development) Felicitations at thz ~egional seminar on forests of the humid tropics of South and South East Asia Prof: B. A. Abeywickrama Address by the UNESCO Representative Humid tropics research and 'JNESCO: an introduction and o ~ e ~ i e w Dr M. FiudE~y ' X xv xvi . . x ',I I xxi xxiii xxv 'TECHNICAL SESSIONS 1 FOREST BIODIVERSITY IN HUMID TROPICS 1 Yorest biodiversity in the humid tropics: who cares? Adapting to changing conditioqs. 3 ,: A. McNeely Understanding long term vegetation dynamics for management of biodiversity: 19 a Sri Lankan perspective C. V.S. Gunatilleke In-situ conservation of biodiversity and a network of conservation areas for Sri Lanka P .H. M. Jayasuriya Distribution of the indigenous orchids of Sri Lanka and some proposals for their conservation R. H Wickramasinghe ECOLOGICAI, CHARACTENSTICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL FUNCTIONS 5 5 OF HUMID FORESTS Ecological characteristics and environmental f~~nctio-1s of tropical rain forests 7: C. Whitmore 'The deciduous forest of Thailand U. Kutintnra Floral diversity of Ka~atuwsrwa - Labugama forest reserve G.I. ,Yerzevzvalne, K Abeynayclke and A 4 X K Lenagala Seedling growth of four so-occc~~ing caropy tres speciss on different Light and soil moistl~re environments B. M. P. Singhakumaru and _".MS. Ashton Seedling leaf-structure of some late-successional canopy tree species in simulated Light and soil moisture envi.ronments of a Sri Lankan rain forest H.K. Ganzuge, B.M P Sir2ghukurnnra und P. M.S.Ashton Southern African forests: their biogeography, conservation and utilization C. J Geldenhqs CONSERVATION OF TKOPICAI, HUMID FORESTS Conservation and sustainable managcmeiit of forest resources in Sri Lanka H. M Bandaratillake Long term research sites in tropical forests of India S.N. "lai Trn,e populatior dynamics of a riverine mixed forest in Ketambe Research Station, G. Leuser Biosphere Reserve, Sumatra, Indonesia R.. Abdulhadz, R. Yusuf B Szlhcrrdjono Spatial dynamics of canopy breakdown and recovery In forests ecosystems D. MueJZer-Domhois SUSTAINABLE UTILIZATION OF TROPICAL HUMID FOREST RESOURCES The effect of income among the communities 9f Sinhai-aja on the extraction of non-tirnber forest products: a preliminary study D. Kariyawasarn Floristics of soil se?d banks in relation to light and topographic pcsition in a Sri Lankan rain forest R..S.JP. Uduporuw~a, B.M.P. Singhakurnavu and P.M.S. Ashtor! Conservation of genetlc resources o' importar~t tree species in Srl i,anka L). i ilukarulnu Medicinal plants : understanding the ground situation to develop strategy D.B. Sumithmarachchi Sustainable development through sustainable use of biodiversity: zconomic pol~cy options H. B. Kotuguma LINKS BETWEEN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF FOREST REXOXIKCES 289 AND CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY Conservation and development in humid tropical forests M. Ratisse Sustainable development of forest resources and conservation of biodiversity A. S. Tamvalcnr Conversion ofpinus plantations in the buffer zone of the Sinharaja MAB reserve to rain forest analogs A.G. SuniE, P.M.S. Ashton, C.V.S. Gunutilleke and1.A.U.N. Gut~atilleke XRTTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ON ISSUES RELEVANT TO CODISERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF FORESTS IN ASIAN HUMID TROPICS Deforestation and its implications for conservation of 3lephants in S u m ~ t r s and Sri Lanka 5. Santiapillai Changing relationships between forestry .esearch and landscape management in The humid tropics M. Hadley and N. Ishwaran LIST OF PARTICIPANTS UNESCO ENGLAND HAWAII INDIA INDONESIA MALAY S;A Dr M. Batisse UNESCO, 7, de Fontenoy, 75352, Paris, France. Dl- M. Hadley Div. of ~cological Sciences, I JNESCO 7 Place de Fontenoy, 75352 Pans, 07 SP, France. Dr T.C. Whitmore Dept. of Geography. Downing Placc, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, England. 1)r D. lt/lueller-Dombols Dept. of Botany LJnlvers~ty of Hawail at Manoa, 3 100,1\/lulle Wuy-Room 10 1, Honolulu, Eiawali 90622 - 2279. Ei S.N. Kal Forest Survey of Ind~a, Minlstry of Environmetit St Forests P.O. Box 243, P.O. IPE Dehradun 248 195 Indla. i lr R Abdulhad~ Herbanum 9ogonense J1.Ir.H. Jaunda22, Bogor 16122, Indonesia. Mr K Ariffin Pej abat Perhutanan IVegeri Scl langor, Tlngkat 3, Pod1 Utara, Bangunan Sultan Solahudian, Abdul &,IZ Shah, 40660, Shah Alam, Selangor, Darul Fhsan, Malaysia. NEPAL SOUTH AFRICA THAILAND SRI LANKA Dr A.S. Tamarakar Central Dept.of Zoology Tribhuvan University Kirtipur, Kathmandu Nepal. Dr C. Geldenhuys Div. of Forest Ssience & Techlology P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 001 South Africa. Dr J.A. McNeely IUCN, Rue Masvemey 28 1 196, Gland Switzerland. Dr U. Kutintara Dept. of Forest Biology Faculty of Forestry Kasetsart University, ~atclluk Bangi*-.ok Thailana. Mr S.D. Abayawardane Forest Department, Rajamalwatte Battaramulla. Prof. K. Abeynaya~e Dept. of Botany University of Co;ombo. Prof. B.A. Aoeywickrarn;? Dept, of Botany Univers;+y of Colombo. Mr R. ! lgama Environmental Voundatior Ltd Colombo 10. Mr C. Bambaradeniya Dept. of Zoology Faculty of Science University of Peradeniya Peradeniya. Mr H.M. Bandaratilleke Forest Department Rajarnalwatte Battaramulla. Ms. C. Caron 50, D.L. Pathirage Mw. Gangodawila Nugegoda. Ms Iu. Dau~dasekera Dept, of Botany Faculty of Science University of Perstder.;ya Peradeniya. Mr A. Ethugala Dept. of Botany Unive;siLy of ColgmLo Colombo. Dr. Ranjan Ferna.ndo Wildlife & Nature Protection Society Fort Colombo. Mr K.T. Fonseka Dept. of Zcdogy Faculty of Zcience University of Peradeniya Peradeniya. Mr H.K. Ciamage Forestry Unit University of Sri jayewardenepura Nugegoda. Ms M. Goonatilleke Dept. of Botany Faculty of Science aniversity of Peradeniya Peradeniya. Prof. N. Sunatilleke Dept. of Botany University of Peradeniya Peradeniya. Prof. S. Gunatilleke Dept. of Botany University of Peradeniya Peradeniya. Mr P. Jayasekera National Herbarixm Royal Botanic Sardens Peradeniy a. Dr A.H.M. jayasuriya Plant Genetics Resources Club P.O. Box 59 Gannoruwa Peradeniya. Cr T. Jeyasingham Dept. of Botany, Eastern University Chenkaladi, Baticalloa. Mr D. Kariyawasam Forest Department Rajamalwatta Battaramulla. Dr H.B. Kotagaina Dept. of Agric. Economics & Extension Faculty of Agriculture University of Peraderiya Peradeniya. Mr C. Liyanage Dept. of Botany Faculty of Science Univfxsity oyeradeniya Peradeniya. Dr K.B. Ranawar~a Dept. of Zoology Faculty of Science University of Peradeniya Peradeniya. Mr J. Samaranayake Dept. of Zoology Faculty of Science University of Peraden~ya Peradenlya. 3 r C. Santlapilla~ Dept. of Zoology University of Peradeinya Peradeniya. Dr G.I. Sene~lral~ie Dept. of Botany Uliiversiy of Colon~bo Colombo 03. Dr B.M.P. Singhaku~nara Forestry Unit University of Sr i Jayewardenepura Nugegoda. Dr S.M. Solangaarachchi Dept. of Botany, University of Kelaniya Kelaniya. IV r D.B sumitl~rarachch~ Royal Botanic Gardens 2eradeniya. Mr D. Tilekeratne Forest Research Centre Kumbalpola Boyagane. Mr R.S.J.P. Uduporuwa Forestry Unit University of Sri iayewardenepura Nugegoda. Ms U . Weerasinghe Natio~~al Herbarium Royal Botanic Gardens Peradeniya. XIV Mr A. Weerasooriya National Zerbarium Royal Botanic Gardens Peradeniy a. Dr A. Wickramasinghe Dept. of Geography University of Peradeniya Peradeniya. Dr R. Wickrarnasinghe Institute for Tropical Environmental Studies 4.1, Flower Road Colombo 07. Ms L*. Wijehtunga Dept. of Botany Faculty of Science University of Peradeniys Peradeniya. Ms 14. Yakanda Dept. of Botany Faculty of Science University of Peradcniya Peradeniya. ACKNQWLEDGEMEN'TS The Regional Seminar on "Forests of the Humid Tropics of South & South East Asia" was organized to commemorate 40 yTars of the st~idies on tropical vegetation under the auspices of UNESCO. The Sri Lanka National Committee on Man and the Biosphere (MAB) and the National Science Foundation (NSc): formerly NARESA - Natural Resources, Energy & Science Authority served as the local organizers. The IV3F wishes to place on record the guidance, assistance and encouragement given by the I'b:ational MAB Committee to organize this seminar with the generous finacial support of UNESCO, NORAD & MacArthur Foundation. The cooperation extended by the resource d orests persons in conducting the seminar is gratefully acknowledged. The Conse-vator of F and his staff and Profs. Nimal and Savithri Gunatilleke kindly made arrange~.ents for field visits to the Sinharaja MA13 reserve and World Heritage Site. i write to express my gratitude to Mr M. Watson (Director Scient~fic Affairs), Ms. Anusha Arnarasinghe (P,sst. Director, Scientific Affairs), Ms Shamini Spencer, Mr A.W. J. Karunasinghe and Ms Rohini Wijeratna (Scientific Officers) fo: organizing the Regional seminar. ivls Deepika Fernando and Ms Priyadarshanie Samarasinghe are thanked for typing the manuscripts. I take this opportunity to acknowledge the services of Prof. R.N de Fonseka, (former Chairman of the National MAB Committee) and Ms Anusha Arnarasinglle in editing the proceedings 01 the seminar. Prof. Kapila Dahanayak.: Chairman National Science Foundation January 1999 A'YI ADDFWSS BY THE DIRECTOR GENERAL NATURAL RESOURCES, ENERGY AND SCIENCE AUTHOIUTY Prcgessor Pviyan i E. Soysa It is my duty and great privilege to welcome the Hon. Minister, members of the NARESA Board, members of the National Conmittee on Man and the Biosphere, foreign and local participants and all you distinguished invitees. This is a very special occasion for the National Committee on Man and the Biosphere, because it was a proposal by the Sri Lankan representative, to the 8th General Meeting of UNESCO held in Montevideo, Uruguay in 1954, that initiated UN involvement in humid tropics studies. The proposal was made by Prof Abeywickarna representing the Sri Lanka Association for the Advancement of Science in his capacity as the Seneral Secretary. In spite of western opposition, funding had been finally unanimously approved. Next in 1955 Prof. Abeywickrama had highlighted the problems in the humid tropics and subsequently in 1956 an international serr:inar had been convened in Kandy as the venue. This is the fortieth anniversary of that mpeting which UNESCO thought fit to celebrate with amther meeting, this meeting at the same location. In a way this is then a celebratior,. Much thought and effort had been pooled to make this possible locally, with foreign experts travelling f-.om India, Thailand, Nepal, Paris, South Africa, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Indonesia and Hawaii to join us to make this an event. Dr Batisse present here today since 1964 combined the Humid tropics with the arid zone project. He had highlighted the fragility of the Humid tropics. Now the UN General body has taken over the environmental issue with the 2nd conference in 1972 creating General Global awareness. I have unfolded this long history as a back drop to today's occasion Hon. Bernard Soysa our NLnister of Science, Technology and Human Resources Development, yor have graced this occasion, spending time and effort to travel up to Kandy. I know that you have t~ r ~ s h back for the parliamentary debate this ~rorning. Nevertheless we are delighted to have you at this inauguration. I, on behalf of the National Comniittee on Man and the Biosphere, welcome you. Your worship the Mayor we are pleased to see you his morning. We have chosen Kandy for this meeting. Our foreign guests have complimented us in making a journey, the potential hazards of which you have discounted in your desire lo contribute at this seminar. We had only one country which did not permit their delegates to come. But as you can see it is quite quiet up here. We hope you enjoy the meeting, your trip to Sinharaja and perhaps a little bit of the country side. I welcome you. Last but not least the locai participants and o w scientists present here add strength, wisdom and loyalty to this occasion. Thank you. ADDRESS BY THE MINISTER OF' SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT Hon. Bernavd Soysa Prof. Priyani Soysa, Chairperson and 9irector General of NARESA, i-Iis Worshp the Mayor 3f Kandy, Dr Hadley and other distinguished invitees, ladies and gentlemen. A discussion w;th regard to humid forests ant a prolonged seminar for trle gurpose of discussing the problems attendant upon the preservation of these forests is in fact a verj important occasion but also a very sad one. Sad because we are witnessing the disappearance of forest cover in 5 s country at a very rapid rate. Dr Hadley mentioned the Sinharaja ibresL and the richness of its biodiversity and the need for preservation of the Sinharaja along with other siniiar areas in the tropical world. Now Ihe Sinharaja forpst is an area which I have never penetrated far deep into, but I can testifj lo the fac: th2t the forest repays every person making a visit with the reai pleasure anci joy of be~ng in the midst of nature. The richness of the wildlife that you find there, the botanical richness -- all that has been described many many times before this. The biodiversity of the arLa has certainly not been improved by the addition of two species of humanity in recent times! viz. one, the timber loggers who have invaded the area to destroy large parts of the Sinharaja forest; the other is the m e a terrorists who have now adopted the Sinharaja forest as a possible territory for their activity. These two sections of humanity have certainly not added to the diversity in any rich way! Be that as it may, the fact remains that ths forest cover in this country has bee,l threatened fcr quite a long time, in partic~lar, on account of the erroneous notions of development that have persisted in our midst. Ever since 1948 when a laige part of the responsibility of managing the affairs of this country (though not complete ~ndependence) was obtained by the people of Sri I,anka, all governments and particularly Ministers of Finance and Agriculture and I~idustry have talked about development and been animated by development. They hav3 been talking of plans -- 4 year plans, 5 year plans, aud so on. 3u t the impact of this upon the natural resources of the country, the environmental damage that some of these things can do were never properly considered. I know there is just resentmeAlt when those in the developed countries preach lessons to us in the developing countries about the necessity of protecting our environment and object to various industrial projects o r the grounds of .-nviroqmental damage. I know there is a just resentment against that because these are people who have destroyed their own environment over the centuries and acheved a certain degree of wealth and riches and now are suspected of preventing others reaching their own standards. The q~es t ion of protecting the environment and natural resourcc;.;s is part of the business of prctecting the common heritage of humanity as a whole irrespective of whether you are in a developed country or in a developing country. However the fact remains that we hzve not been truly conscious of the need to preserve what we have. " I remember some years ago I mentioned this question in Parliament of the possible effect of the destsuctior. of car forests and what impact it might have upon the monsoons that visit this country and the rainfall that Sri Lanka has the benefit of from two monsoons". This question was addr3ssed to the then Dept. of Meteorology and the answer qame that the acre-feet of water that falls up011 this country through rain had not diminished in any way as a result of development efforts. It was a considerable relief to learn that the acre-feet of water had not diminished but there was no attention paid to the distribution of that supply, and to the question of periods of drought and periods of floods. I know there are countries in this region that suffer more than we do on these problems, Bangladesh for instance. But we ourselves have our own quota of these two problems of long drought periods and periods of floods. The acre-feet of water can remain stable but the distribution can remain sc; uneven that you get both these calamities. This is a matter that we have to attend to. There is 2 problem which is connected with one of the subjects given to my Ministry, and that is this question of renewable sources of energy. There is a frightening crisis t5at loorrs over this country and very few of us are aware of it. The principal SourcF: 3f energy in L developing country like Sri Lanka is wood. We have also been importing fossil fuel2 f r m abroad ana there has been an increasing dependence on fossil fuels, particulzrly for transport. Now the world's resources in fossil fuels are getting exhausteci. ' her5 are all 'finds of projes:tions on w h e ~ they would be fully exhausted--some say in anothe; SC {ears, soins say about a hundred yyars, and so on. I do not know the tables in regard to tnese matters or how scientiific these calculations are. They seem to be almost as bad as the calc~ialio-1s made by our local astrolcgers on the expectation of life of the individual! Th~rel'ore whilt not speculating on that, we can accept the fact that there is an exhaustio.3 and coupled wit+, that we will find that gradually it will become almost impossible for countries like this to obtain the necessary quantities of fossil fuels for their industrial requirements, transport requirements, and so on. What then is the hture for energy in this country? We have an increasing population and a large rural nopulation. The rural population has depended very much upon the forest cover for sustenance. We must have properly oriented policies carried out in regard to reforestation. I know that there is at the moment c ground plan of strategies in regard to Forestry. The document is very good but I s ~ o u l d like to see some implementation commenced. And that is very slow. I mentioned this Ior the reason that the deperdence of our rural population is largely upon fuelwood and the demmd for fuelwood threatens the extent of forest cover in this country. That has really m t beep properly estimated. We are supposed to be clearing 30,000 - 40,000 hectares of land per year and what impact that has on the climatic changes has also not been properly estimated. The consumption of fuelwood and ahat kind of reforestation would be required to maintain that supply has also not been properly calculated. I know it is difficult to do that because one cannot be quite sure and speculate about the activities of rural 5ouseholds in that way particularly witk the civil war going on and migration of populations as r~fugees and SO on. But the consumption of fuelwood which is the principal source ol'etlergy for our people has to be controlled in some way. 3ne cannot abolish it. It can't be done, but we can at 'east reduce it. And for that it is necessary to have a campaign of making our people aware and taking the proper action for more economical use of fuelwood for domestic purposes (cooking), community purposes like the cremation of a body. In local authorities crematoria are constructed tthich consume a tremendous amount of fuelwood. By getting away from the traditional thee stone hearth coo~ing placs ir, rural households into something that conserves heat in a better way, fuelwood consumption can be minimized. I have been trying to get a number of industrialists and entrepreneurs to invest in malung these mral cookers, solar cookers and gasifiers but at the moment we are not quite sure of the market, and like all entrepreneurs even the venture capitalists in our country are not particularly venturesome, and therefore, looking at the bottom line they are afraid to invest yet. However I have some hope that at least two, a banker and somebody else, have shown some interest in what our National Engineering Research and Development Centre has been doing in this field and they promised to come and have a look and see what they could develop by way of sales of the products that they could manufacture. Well, gasifiers and better systems of cooking that can reduce the dependence on fuelwood, solar cooking and solar heating methods, these are all renewable sources of energy which we have to explore. I mention this because the energy crisis can be very serious for us. Unless we preserve our fuelwood resources and develop alternative ones like solar and wind energy we are going to be in real dificulties. Some years ago we thought that we would be able to export electricity to our neighbours with the major hydro-electric schemes that were planned. That drcarn has disappeared. We are now in the situation of possibly having to import electricity fiom outside. Mini hydro schemes are possible on a fairly widespread scale but that will not solve the problem. Mini hydro schemes will also add to the means of controlling thy denudation of forests for filelwood. 7'0 some extent it can have an impact. This is one of the things that I would like the local scientists here to get together to plan the means of giving increasing public awareness of the dangers that are inherent in this situation, and the problem of where we are going to get our energy resources without destroying our forests completely. How is this increasing population going to obtain the necessary energy? 'That is one of the problems, I think, to which we have to address ourselves. I would like our local scientists to see what they could borrow fiom what others have learnt outside this country and join in a programme of increasing public awareness on this matter, sensitizing the rural population to the dangers that are inherent in this entire situation. Fortunately we have given up chena cultivation or we are discouraging chena cultivation which is also one of the means of destroying forest cover. But there has been no proper concept of what might be called social forestry or agroforestry. These ideas have not been pursued in any scientific or proper way in this country. It has been largely thc property of persons like Pruf. Abeywickrama and one or two others. I may not be aware of all of them but without any insult to anybody I just mentioned that the numbers are very few. It is very necessary to sensitize public opinion on this matter so that we can preserve our natural resources in a proper and scientific manner. The future can be disastrous on this question of energy uriless we are conscious of the actual problems that are involved, the complexity of the problems and address ourselves to them. I have not always been very happy about this phrase which the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund seek to promote-the phrase "sustainable development". Have we been trying to dcvelop in a manner that cannot be sustained? This is nonsense! Sustainable development is only another alibi for not giving the resources for a proper conclusion to the development programme of a developing world. There is so much patronising talk of safety nets and so on when they really don't want to address themselves to the problems of mral poverty. While I would like to come back to this idea I don't want to make that the central point of activity by government or any movement. The fact remains that what we are faced with is unsustainable underdevelopment. We are underdeveloped anc we can no longer sustain our society on that basis. So it's not a question of sustainable development but unsustainable underdevelopment that is the real problem that we havc got to address ourselves to. That is why I would like the scientists who have come here as our guests to give of their knowleage and their experience to enable us to solve our problems. And I wish to make this appeal to the local scientists here of the universities and other research organisations to get together and this meeting is to help you to get together and cany out a programme for sensitizing the public, increasing public awareness to the dangtrs inherent in the situation and spreading the methods of reducing the dependence on fuelwood and the destruction of forest cover that goes along with it. There is much to be said both from the point of view of sr:ience as well as from the arts of the necessity of protecting our forest cover. I don't need to go on much ;urther. T want to keep these tlloughts with you and to recommend to you the first line of one of Paul Robeson's songs-"I have never seen anything lovely as a tree" FELICITATIONS AT THE REGIONAL SEMINAR ON FORESTS OF THE HUMID TROPICS OF SOUTH AND SOUTH EAST ASIA Professor B. A. Abeywickrama Prof. B.A. Abeywickrama after graduating from the University of London in 1941, proceeded to Cambridge for post-graduate studies on a Government Science Scholarship in 1946 and obtained his Ph.D Degree in 1949. He returned to Sri Lanka and served the University of Colombo as a Lecturer until his appointment as the Professor of Botany of the University of Ceylon in 1965. Prof. Abeywickrama's contribution to the University system in Sri Lanka in general and to the University of Colombo in particular is without parallel. His contribution to the advancement of science in Sri Lanka is equally praiseworthy. He has held positions in many Scientific Associations and Statutory bodies. He was the Chairman of the International Biological Programme Committee for Sri Lanka from 1968- 1973, the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Committee from 1974 - 1983, the Coconut Research Board from 1977 - 1983, and the Coconut Cultivation Board from 1977- 1979. He has given his services to NARESA and through NARESA to science in general, through the Steering Conlmittees of which he has been an active member and Chairman from its inception when he became a member of the Sri Lanka National Science Council. In addition to many appointments held, he has also served as a member of the UNESCO Advisory Committee to the Director General on Humid Tropics Research from 1959 - 1964, and the Fauna and Flora Advisory Committee from 1958 - 198 1. Prof. Abeywickrama is a renowned authority on Plant Taxonomy and Ecology and more recently he has shown a great interest in conservation aspects. He has over fifty publications to his credit, a true indication of his scholarship. In appreciation of his 47 years of active, dedicated service to the Ynivcrs~ty system in Ssi La~dsa, the Senate of the University of Colombo appo~nted him Professor Emeritus in September 1958. He colitinues to assist in thc tcacl-liiig and rcscarch programmes in t l ~ e Deprtment of Botany, UniversLy of Colombo, even a k r his retiremen:, ar; indication of his dedication to the University and to Science. I have the grcatcst plcasure in extending our wai-ln felicitation~s to him ml tl~is occasion. We wish to extend our warm felicitations to Mr W.R.H. Perera, former Conservator of Forests, Sri Lanka. He served with the Forest Department as Conservator of Forests for eleven years fiom 1968 to 1979. Mr W.R.H. Perera joined the Department in 1950 as Junior Assistant Conservator of Forests, and on completion of his period of apprentice training he went to Indian Forest College Dehra-Dun to follow the Diploma course in Forestry. In 1959 he went to the United Kingdom to follow the post graduate course in Forestry at the Imperial Forestry Institute, Oxford. On his return to the island he served in the Forest Department in various capacities until 1968 when he became Conservator of Forests. During his tenure of service as head of the Department his modest, patient and enduring personality guided the affairs of the Department smoothly. A Plan for forest development in Sri Lanka was prepared during his period as Conservator. He had the knack of a good leader in getting each one to contribute his best. In 1969, under the auspices of UNESCO a plan was prepared for a long term inter- governmental and inter disciplinary programme on the rational use and conservation of the natural environment and its resources. In 1975 this programme was named "Man and the Biosphere Programme". A Committee on Forests and Forest ecology was fonned and Mr Perera became its Chairman. Under this programme he made large areas of natural forests and some plantations as Man and Biosphere Reserves. In 1971 he was appointed as Chairman State Timber Corporation in addition to his duties as Conservator of Forests. He made an immense contribution to the development of forestry in Sri Lanka during his period as Conservator. He retired from government service in March 1979. Since his retirement he has worked in the Environment and Policy I~stitute of the East-West Centre Hawaii. We thank him for his *.vise leadership and wish him all the best in the years lo come. ADDFRESS BY THE UNESCO KEBRESENTATIVE HUMID TROPICS RESEARCH AND UNESCO: AN INTRODUCTION AND On behalf of the Director General of LINESCO, Mr Fedenco Mayor, 11 is my pleasure and honour to present fraternal greet~ngs to this Reg~onal Sem~nar on Forests of the Hulllid TrolJIcs o' Sguth and South East Asia. We were very glad to receive, some e~ghtcen inonths ago, >. eirninary proposals ft-om the Sri Lankan Natural Resources, Energy and Scie~lce Authority 3 kRl3SA) concerning the seminar, whlch among other aulns would comineinorate the fortletli -mlversary of the launching of UNESCO's Humid Troplcs Research Prograinme. FollowilLg the initial contacts, the UNESCO Offices in New Delh and in Jakarta, and the Natural Sciences Sector of UNESCO, have been del~ghted to have been able to provide support to the initiative of NARESA, the Sr i Lankan National Committee for the Man and the B~osphere (MAB) Programme, and other national institutions, m planning and orgaiuzirlg thls regional seminar. We also thank NORAD and the Machrth~ir Foundation for their contrib~tlo~is to tkc seminar, and wish all participants a stimulat-ng, productlv e and etljoyable week Among the aims of the seminar are to provlde an occasion to discuss recent progress 111 the study of the vegetation of humid trop~cal zones, particulaily the Asian reglon. A number of the invited coilhibutions attempt t3 place recent progress and current uilderstandiiig in a historical context. Of particular significance in provid~ng both a stimulus and reference point for the present seminar was the convening in Kandy in late IJlarch 1956 of a symposium on the "Study of tropical vegetation", whch marked the inauguration of the UNESCO prograrmne on Humid Tropics Research. Thls progralnrne was to run from 1956 untrl the mid 1960s, representtng an important and distinctive component In UNESCO's long standing invo1vei;ient in scientific work on the environment and ~ t s natural resources. That involvement dates back to the very carly days of the organization 111 the late 1940s, with brologist Julian Huxley as the first Director General Among ~ t s early activities was the setting up in 1948, in concertatio~z with +he French Goveml~ent, of the International lJnioia for the I'rotection of Nature, later to become the Intematioqal Unioil for the C'onsclvation of Naturc, now the World Conservation Umon, WCN. Among UNESCO's carly staff members in the late 1940s, were tropical botanist E.J.h. Comer and b~ochenl~st Joseph J\Jee&m - the person who 1s widely recognized as being responsible for the "S" for Science in UNESCO (Golds~nith 1995). Among the early proposed projects was one to establish an institute of Hylean Ecology - "hylean" being the term that Humboldt used for the Pmazoiliain reglon. The proposal 111 the l2te 1940s to set up an institute of Amazonian Ecology was one that did not come to fruition, at least in the form it was being discussed at that penod. It was perhaps an idea whose time haa not yet come. The early 1950s saw the launching of the A n d Zone Programme, later to be k ~ o w n as the Major Project on Arid Zones. Among its acconlpl~shments was a series of regional and international symposia aimed at taking stock of existing knowledge on the ecology and natural resources of arid zones, with :he results comp~:ed 111 a ccllect~on of thirty foul volumes - the Arid Z ~ i l e Research Series - the conteilts of many of which reinain a store of still valid inforxnatio,~ to this day. The Major project on Arid Zones also had an important capacity building and training programme, reflected in the setlng up of such institutes as the Centre for Arid Zone Research in ~odhpur. In the light of the enthusjaslr generated by the launching in 1951 of the Major Project on Arid Zones, the eighth session 01 the Seneral Confere,lce of UNESCO held in Montevideo in 1954, authorized the Director-.General to promote the co-ordinatio~; of research on scientific problems relating inter alia to the humid tropical zolle and to promote international or regional measures to expand such research. By virtue of this autl~orization, the Director- General convened a preparatory meeting of specialists in hiiwid tropics research in ICandy from 22 to 24 March 1956. The preparatory meeting recorilmended to the Director-General, among other things, the creation of an International Advisory Committee for Humid Trogi.cs Research. The 'Director-General accepted this recommendation and the Advisory Committee of nine inembers came into being at the end of 195 6. The purpose of this committee was to consider matters pertaining to research in tlie fundamental aspects of the natural sciences, of interest in the humid tropical zones: and to stimulate the carrying on of such research 111 areas considered at the tiine as important for long-term action, specifically: Tropical herbaria and key zoological collections. The termite problem. The preparation of regional floras. The problem of laterization. The scientific problems relatsd to the delta areas of the humid troplcs The principles and methodology of integrated research ill the humid tropics. The advance of the savanna into the tropical forest. The cl1ern:stry and biology of tropical soils. 3rganization of syrnposia on well-defined aspects of humid tropics research was one of the ineans adopted in realizing the objsctives of the Humid Tropics Research Programme. The first such symnosicm was held immediately prior to the preparatory meeting, on the topic "Study of Tropical '/eg?tationl'. It -was jointly organized by UNESCO's Science Co- operation Offices in South Asia (New Delhi 9fftce) and South-East Asia (Jakarta Office), in collaboration with the 1Vationzl Commission for UNESCO. The symposium was opened on the morning of 19 March 19.56, in the ballroom of the 2ueei;'s Votel, ICandy, by Mr H. Jinadasa, Permanent Secretary to the ldinistry of Education, who in his opening speech referred to two problems which had engaged popular imagination in the country - "the threatened extinction of the elephant and the menace of the cancerous weed, salvinia" - and recommended them for the consideration of scientists taking part in the symposium. It is fascinating to leaf through the proceedings of the 1956 Kandy Symposium, to look over the papers in that volume and to reflect on the contributions that the participants at thai Kandy symposium of forty years ago made during their professional careers to scierlce, and to studies on tropical vegetation ;F particular. Thus, thirty or so papers were presented and discussed. Taking the order of the papers in the proceedings volume, authors included Puri, Dilmy, Kosterrnans, de P.osayro, Wyatt-Smith, Richards, Bedard, Fosberg, Chatterjee, van Steenis, Misra, Pur-seglove, Bharucha, MacFadden, Holmes, Mangenot, Taylor, Stewart, Janaki, Hedayetu~lah, Srowne, Wood, Webb, Senaratne, Schmld and Anderson. The Kandy symposium saw the presentation and discussio~l of several ideas and concepts which have contributed to the development of understanding of humid tropical vegetation. One example is the seminar paper by van Steenis on "Rejuvenation as a factor for juctging the status of vegetation types: the biological nomad theory", inciuding the distirction between the statiorary species or dryads of the climax rain forest avd the tempoiary species or nomads which "cannot rejuvenate in the rain forest and car! maintain themselves only at its borders". A specific output of the field trip associated with the symposium was the discovery and nxning of a new species of subcanopy tree in the rain forest (Cullenia rosayroana Kosterrnans., Bombacaeae), following discussions in the field betweci~ Kostemans and de Rosayro (I.A.U.N. Gunatilleke, personal coinrn~~nication). Following the Kandy symposium of March 1956, the l i ~ ~ n l i d Tropics Research Programme entailed a series of somewnat similar symposia and seminars (Table I), including those organized in 'Tjiawi (1 958), Abidjan (1 959), Goroka (1 960), New Delhi (1960), Icuching (1 963), Dacca (1964). In addition to the proceedings volumes (see list of reCererlces at the end of this paper) outputs of the progranuiie included a directcry 2f 7,oology (and entomological) specimen collections of tropical institutions (1962) and a manual for tropical herbaria (1965) prepa~ed :~nder the auspices of the UNESCO Visiting C'ormitlee cn Tropical Herbaria. Looking back at the various publications generated within the prograinme, once again one is struck - as for the founding conference in Kandy - by the participation of scientists whose work has marked the pages of scientific understanding of the humid tropical regions. Thus, in addition to many of those who attended the Kandy symposium of March 1956, the participants of the seminar held in Tjiawi (Indonesia) in December 1958 included Ashtop. and Whyte; that in Goroka (Papua New Guinea) in September 1960, Comer and Smiti~and; that in Kuching in July 1963, Brunig, Greig Smith, kartawinata and Whitmore. The Humid Tropics Research Programme came io an end In the mid-1960s. It was followed by several other UNESCO initiatives related to the environment and its natural resources, XX JTJIJ which have continued to include work in humid tropical regions. 5xamples i i~clude the International Hydrological Programme, the Convention for the Protection of the World's Cultural and Natural Heritage, and Lhe Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme and its World Network o f Biosphere Reserves. Table 1: UNESCO Humid Tropics Research Programme: Examples of activities and publications UNESCO General Zonference, eighth session (Montevideo). Recommendation on promoting scientific co-operation in the humid tropical zone Kandy symposium on Elurnid Trop~cs Vegetation. ,'reparatory Meeting of Specialists. 1 9 5 7 I Advisory Committee for Humid Tropics Researcll - First session (h/l anaus). 1958 / Tjiawi symposium. Vegetation Map of Malesia (1 :5 million) I Abidjan symposium (Tropical soils and vegetation). Advisory Committee - Second session (Abidjan). Vegetation iflap of Africa (1: 10 million) Cioroka sympos~urn (Human impact on humid tropics vegetgt-lon). New Delhi symposium (Termites). Tropical herbaria meeting (Leiden). Advisory Committee - Third session (Honolulu). Report on key zoological collections in the tropics. Flora Neotropica preparatory meeting (Sao Paulo). Directory of zoological (and entomological) specimen collections of tropical institutions. Eight-week training course for systematic botanists (Ibadan). Seminar on humid tropical soils (Caracas- Maracary). Kvchlng symposlum. Advisory Committee - Zourth and final session (Bandung). Fourth South East Asia Botanical Traimng Expedition :Veget:,t~on on I~n~estone hllls of southern Thailand). Dacca symposiuin (Deltas) Caracas symposlum on problems of savannahltsoplcal forest boundary. First meetlng of Flora Neotropnca Cornmisslon (Sao Paul.)). Symposium on African termites (Congo) Inauguration cf Charles Danvin Research Statlon In the Galapagos, under sponsorshop of UNESCC Manual for tropical herbarla. Close of IJTESCC programmes relatmg to the and zone and t'le humid tropical zone Setting up of Advlsory Committee on Natural P-sources Research, covering essentially the fields of ecology, conservation, gedlogy and soil sclence -- XXIX Through initiatives such as these, IJNESCO has continued to be involved in the brlnglng together, synthesis and diffusion of technical information on humid tropical systems. Examples in the 1970s-early 1980s included a wlde-ranging review of the natural resources of humid tropical Asia (UNESCO 1974), a state of knowledge repoi-t on tropical forest ecosystems prepared by UNESCO, UNEP and F A 0 (UNESCO 1978) and an mteragency study of the agroclimatology of the humid tropics of South East Asla (Oldeman & Frere 1982). In the last decade, a diversity of more finely focused topics have been addressed often through joint activities with co~laborating national, regional and international bodies Subjects taken up have mcluded: Rain forest regeneration and management (Hadley 1988, Cornez-Psmpa et a1 1991); Traditional crop improvement techniques (Aumecruddy & -ing;o 1989); Reprodxt:v'e ecology of tropical forest plants (Bawa et al. 1989, Bawa & Hadlsy 990); Rshabllitat~or of degraded trop~cal forest areas (Adisoemarto 1989, Lamb et or. 1992); Sood and nutrition in the tropical rain forest (Hladik et al. 1990, Hladlk et al. 993); Co~:trlbuting to s~stained resource use in the humld trepics (Hadley & Sclrecltenberg 1989); kTyurology of mcist tropical forests and effects of conversion (Rruijnzeel 1990, 3 o ~ e l l ?t al. 1993, Bmijnzeel & Critchley 1995); Carbon, nutrient and walcr balances of ~rcp'cal r a ~ ~ l Forest ecosyste~ns subject to disturbance (Anderson & Spencer 199 1); Long- errn a,o~i'oring of biological diversity In tropical fo;est plots {Dalln~eier 1992); Forests an0 cultures in Asia (UNESCO 1992); Integrated conservation strateges 111 iropical forest areas and the concept of cntical mass {Muul 1993); Domest~catiori of tropical trees for timber and ~sn-timber products (Leakey & Newton 1994); Regional development in the Urazil~an Amazon (Clusener-Godt & Cachs 1994, 1995); bthnolotany ;Nla,lin 1994); Scology of tropical rain forest seedlings (Swaine 1996). Qual~tatively, an important shipL in focus has occurred during the last two decades 1x1 UNESCO's overall programme In the humid tropics, witn priorlty oeing giiien to field act~v:+ies undedaken by national institutions at sites contributing to such international frameworks as the -World Heritage Convention and List and the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. As of early 1996, ,he World Heritage Llst Includes 102 natura; sltes a d 17 mixed natural and cultural sites, while the World Network of G~osphere Reserve comprtses 321 sltes in 82 countries. A number of these areas 1s of importarlce to troplcal forest conservation and researcl~, as reflected in the sampling of sites m Table 2. 'Jery appropriateiy, the field visit that has been arranged as part of the present seminar takes in a site - Sinhzraja, the Forest of the Lion King - which figures on the World Heritage List as well as contributing to the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. Sillllaraja is a site where a substantial effort has been and is being made to address the central biosphere reserve aims of reconciling conservation and development and underpilming those goals with rzsearch, monitoring, education and training. This has entailed building-up a programme with multiple objectives and aciivities - conserving genetic material, testing of approaches to more sustainable use of natural resources, combining long-term strategic studies with more finely focused problem-oriented research, vocational and professional training, contributing to education and public awareness programmes, involvil~g local people in reserve planning wad management. Such a spectrum of activities almost inevitably entails a wide range of co-operative activities and partnership arangements, and the involvenlerit of a suite of local, national, regional and international bodies and programmes, at governmental and non-governmental levels as well as the private sector. Such an involveine~t of multiple stakeholders and interest groups characterizes approaches to environment-development issues in the complex, globaljzed world of the mid-late 1990s, and contrasts perhaps with the somewhat less complex geopolitical and socio-economic setting in which tlie 1956 Kandy symposium took place. These multiple dimensionel and multiple-actx c11aracter;stics of approaches to conservation and resource managepert were well reflected in a cont;ibution based on work at Sinharaja (Gunatilleke et al. 1935), made to an internatioilal conference on biosphere reserves held 'n Seville (Spain) in March 1995. The Seville conference brought together solne 400 participants fiorn 102 countries, who took stock of what had been achieved in nearly two decades of trying to put the biosphere reserve concept into action -- what had work~d and what had not worked, and why. Among he tangible outputs of the conference was the Seville Strategy on Biosphere Reserves, which was s~~bsequently adopted by T_JNESCQ's General Conference at its twenty-eighth sessioll in late 1995. In brief, the Seville Strategy for Biosphere Reserves (UNESCO 1995, 1996) includes ten ley directions for the future development of b~osphere reserves in the context of the twenty-first century. One example is that of strengthening the contribution that biosphere reserves can make to the implementation of international agreements promoting coiiservatlon and sustainable development, such as the Zonvention on Biological Diversity. The Strategy also includes a number of recomenda~ions at different levels (international, national, individual biosphere reserve), grouped around four main goals: first, use biosphere reserves to conserve natural and cultural diversity development; second, utilize biosphere reserves as models of land management and of approaches to sustainable development; third, use biosphere reserves for research, monitoring, education and training; fourth, implement the biosphere reserve coqcept. UNESCO considers that the vigorous and ~nventive ~mpleinentation of the Sev~lle Strategy for Biosphere Reserves could make a distinctive substantive contribution to achieving several of the aims charted by the UN Collference of Env-ronrnent and Cevelopxnerit. Looking back forty years to the Kandy Symposluln of March 1956, irnplementation of the Sevllle Strategy could also contribute to advancliig one of the subjects for long-tern action identified within the I-lumid Tropics Research Programme -- that of advancing the pnnc~ples and methodology of integrated research in the humid tropics -- and (what was perhaps missing in the Humid Tropics Programme) l ~ n k ~ n g that research to the pract~cal needs of management and development. Table 2: Exampies of Biosphere Reserves and World Heritage sites of importance in trop forest conservation and research .- - Country Site A - - - - . . -. AI ra extrlit (ha) Date of appro! --- - Australia Bolivia Brazil Cameroon Central Afncan Republic China Congo Costa ~Lica Cordillera Cote d'lvoire Cuba Ecuador Gabon Guatamala Honduras India Indonesia Mexico Nigeria Panama Peru Philippines Rwanda S ~ I Lanka Tha~land Uganda U.S.A. Venezuela Zaire ~ l n ~ h u s h a n l X~shuangbanna] ~ ~ m o n l k a l ~ r n ~ s t a d l n ,ordlllera Volcanica Centrdl 1 ~ a i 1,2 Sierra del ~ o s a r ~ o l Yasuni 1 Ipassa-Makokou I Maya 1 Rio Pldtano 1.2 ~azirang2l2 ~ d n a s 2 C~bodas l Gunung 1,euserl Calakmul I El ~ n u r ~ f o l Montes A ~ u l c s l S ~ a n Ka'an 1,2 orno 1 Fronter~zo Danen 1 ~ a n u l ~ 2 Puerto ~ a l e r a l Palawdn 1 ~ o l c a n s I ~ 1 n h a r a j a l ~ 2 Sakaerat 1 Thungyal-tJua Khd ~ h a e n g 2 ~ w 1 n d 1 2 ~ u ~ ~ l l l l o l Alto Orinoco- Caslquiare1 Yangambi 1 Salonga2 - 1. Biosphere Reserves 2. World Hentage sites REFERENCES Adisoemarto S. (Ed.). (1989) Proceedings of Regional Workshop on Rcodevelopment Process for Degraded and Resources zn Southeust Asza. Bogor, 23-25 P u g ~ s t ' 988. Indonesian MAB National Committee and UNESCO Regional Office for Sc~e~lcc aAIC Technology for Southeast Asia, Jakarta. Anderson J.M. & Spencer T. 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