PITAWAKKA {Phyllanthus debilis) Information Services Centre Industrial Technology Institute (Successor to CISIR) Colombo, Sri Lanka Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Series, No. 10 Pitawakka - a literature survey - \ Compiled by: Purnima Jayasinha Supervised by: Dilmani Warnasuriya and Harshani Dissanayake National Science Foundation Grant RG/IS/96/01 Published by: Information Services Centre Industrial Technology Institute 363 Baudhaloka Mawatha, Colombo 7, Sri Lanka 1999 © Industrial Technology Institute (CISIR) & National Science Foundation First Published in 1999 National Library of Sri Lanka - Cataloguing - In - Publication Data Jayasinha, Purnima Pitawakka (Phylkmthua debilis) I Purnima Jayasinha; Dilmani Warnasuriya; Harshani Dissanayake .- Colombo : Information Services Centre, Industrial Technology Institute, 1999 Vol. 10.- 15p.; 28cm..- (Medicinal and aromatic plants series No. 10) ISBN 955-8394-07-6 Price : Rs. 150.00 i. 615.321 DDC 21 ii. Title iii. Series iv. Warnasuriya, Dilmani jt.au. v. Dissanayake, Harshani jt.au. 1. Medicinal Plants 2. Botany, Medical 3. Aromatic Plants ISSN 1391-5622 ISBN 955-8394-07-6 Published by Information Services Centre, Industrial Technology Institute The information provided in this monograph is taken from available scientific literature. The authors accept no liability for any damages arising from any claims contained in this text. http://jt.au http://jt.au Acknowledgements The financial assistance by the National Science Foundation (grant number RG/IS/96/01) for the project is gratefully acknowledged. Sincere thanks are due to Mrs. Wathmanel Seneviratne and Mrs. Neranjani Mohottala for preparing the database. The assistance and support given by the industries during visits are greatly appreciated. Thanks are also due to Ms. Roshani Fernando for designing the cover. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Botany 2.1 Taxonomy 2.2 Plant Description 3. Habitat 4. Agronomy 4.1 Soil and Climate 5. Chemistry of Plant 5.1 Constituents of Plant 6. Biology and Health Aspects 6.1 Biological Activity 6.2 Ethnomedicine 6.2.1 Home Remedies Bibliography Phyllanthus debilis 1.0 INTRODUCTION Phyllanthus debilis is an important medicinal herb popularly known as 'Pitawakka' in Sinhala. In earlier taxonomy it was known as Phyllanthus niruri Linn, and this classification is still in use. However some of the published literature, scientists have considered these as two different species. According to D.M.A. Jayaweera's Medicinal Plants (part II), both names are refer and it is considered in this monograph as well. Phyllanthus amarus, which has very similar phytochemical features is also considered as same the species by some scientists. Pitawakka has been used in ayurvedic system of medicine to treat jaundice, gallstone and kidney stones for many years. The Spanish name 'Chanca Piedra' means 'stone breaker' Or 'shatter stone' as it has used for generations by indigenous people of the Amazon to treat gallstones and kidney stones. 2.0 BOTANY 2 2 2.1 TAXONOMY Pitawakka belongs to genus Phyllanthus, which contains over 600 species of shrubs, trees and annual or biennial herbs distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. Family : Euphorbiaceae Genus : Phyllanthus Species : debilis Botanical names Phyllanthus niruri Linn.; Phyllanthus carolianus Blanco.: Phyllanthus kirganelia Blanco; Phylanthuspumilus Muell. Arg.; Nymphanthus niruri Lour.; Kirganeliapumila Blanco Other names Sinhala : Pitawakka; Bimnalli Tamil : Kilanelli; Kilkkaynelli Hindi : Bhonyaabali; Bhuinanvalah; Jaramla Sanskrit : Adhyanda; Amala; Bahupatri; Bahupushpi; Bhumyamalaki 2.2 PLANT DESCRIPTION 2 2 4 8 , 7 5 Phyllanthus debilis is an annual herb. It is about 30- 60 cm in height with an angular stem often branched at the base. Leaf bearing branchlets are slender and spreading. The leaves are simple, alternate, distchous, numerous and crowned. They are very shortly stalked, about l.S- 3 cm long and 4.S- 5.5 mm broad and oblong oval. 1 The flowers are yellow in colour, unisexual, monoecious, apetalous, axillary, pedicilled and regular. Male flowers are very minute, 1.5 mm in diameter and often 2-3 together in the axis of lower leaves. The female flower is larger than male flowers, 2.5 mm across, solitary and axillary. The fruit is 1.5-2 mm long, depressed, globose, faintly 3-lobed, quite smooth, splitting into three. 3.0 HABITAT 2 2 In Sri Lanka, it is a common weed in waste and cultivated grounds. Also occurs through­ out the tropics including the Philippine Islands, except Australia. It is also found through­ out the hotter parts of India and on the hills up to 30-35 m. 4.0 AGRONOMY 2 2 4.1 SOIL AND CLIMATE It grows widely during the rainy season in fallow land and in shade. It germinates readily in warm soil. 5.0 CHEMISTRY OF PLANT 2> 4' 9> 1 0' 1 4' 1 5' 1 7' 1 8' 2 4' 3 4' 3 8' 3 9' 4 1' 5 8' 6 0- 6 4' 6 9' 7 1' 7 5 5.1 CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF PLANT Alkaloids Allosecurunine 4-Hydroxysecurinine 4-Methoxy norsecurinine 4-Methoxy tetrahydrosecurinine Norsecurinine Securinlne SecurinbrB Lignans Hinokinin Hypophyllanthin Nirphyllin Nirtetrelin Phyllnirurin Seco-4-hydroxylintertralin Triacontanal Flavarione and Flavanoids Astragalin Eriodictyol-7-rhamnopyranoside Isoquercitin Dihydrosecurinine 4-Methoxy dihydronorsecurinine 4-Methoxy securinine Nirurine 2-Norsecurinine Securinol A Tetrahydrosecurinine Hydrxyniranthin Isolintetralin •'Nirtttralitf'-^ Phyllanthin Phyltetralin Seco-isolariciresiriol trimethyl ether Triacontanol 2 Kaempferol-4'-rhamnopyranoside Nirurin Nirurinetin Quercetin Quercetin 3-0-j$-D-glucopyranosyl (l-4)-a-L-rhamnopyranoside Quercetin-heteroside Quercetol Quercitin Rutin 3,5,7,4'-Tetrahydroxyflavone 3,5,7-Trihydroxyflavonal-4' -0-a-(-)-rhamnopyranoside 5,3',4'-Trihydroxyflavonone-7-0-a-(-)-rhamnopyranoside Triterpenes 3,7,11,15,19,23-Hexamethyl-2Z,6Z, 10Z, 14E, 18E,22E-tetracosahexen-l-ol Lup-20(29)-en-3p-ol Lup-20(29)-en-3p-ol acetate Lupeol Phyllanthenol Phyllanthenone Phyllanthol Sterols Dotriacontanoic acid 24-Isopropylcholesterol P-Sitosterol 0 R = CH3 : 4-Methoxy dihydro norsecurinine R = OH 4-Hydroxy securinine Phyllanthenol Phyllnirurin 4 II I / C H 3 aC - 0 - C H 2 — CH—CH 2 —CH 2 —CH< CH 3 X H 3 C - 0 - C H 2 — C H — C H 2 — C H 2 — C H < Phyllester CH 3 0 CH 3 Niruriside Phyllanthin OMe Hypophyllanthin Figure 1. Chemical Constituents of Phyllanthus niruri 6.0 BIOLOGY AND HEALTH ASPECTS 3.13,16,18,21,23,27,29,31,43,44,46,53,59,69,71,75 6.1 BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY Phyllanthus niruri is reported to be anodyne, apertif, anti bacterial, anti inflammatory, anti hepatotoxic, anti spasmodic, anti viral, carminative, choleretic, digestive, diuretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, hepatotonic, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, immunostimulant, laxative, stomachic, tonic, vermifuge In a research for anti-hepatotoxic activity, the lignans phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin have shown activity against CCI4 and galactosamine induced cytotoxicity in primary cultured rat hepatocytes, where as triacontanal has prevented only galactosamine activity. Alcoholic extracts of roots and leaves of Phyllanthus niruri have shown hepatoprotective effect in experimental rats, where root extract was more effective than the leaf extract. In another study it was reported that Phyllanthus niruri have significant hepatoprotective action against CCU, paracetamol and alcohol induced liver damage. On a study on biochemical effects on Phylanthus niruri, an ayurvedic drug for hepatitis, in rats, it was found there weren't significant alterations on in vitro tissue respiration and hepatic K+, Mg2+ and inorganic phosphorus content after feeding the drug for a period of 2 weeks. However the concentration of Na+ in the liver was elevated by 4 doses of the drug. It was also found that asparate and alanine transaminases and alkaline phosphate of serum and liver as well as liver microsomal glucose 6-P-phosphatate, ali-esterase and glucopyronyl transerase were unaffected by feeding aqueous extract of the drug. An evaluation of the safety of Phyllanthus niruri as an antihepatitis B virus substance made in in vitro and in vivo studies using mice as the model and Vero cell line as the tissue culture system showed there was no mortality of the animal during the study period nor any mean weight loss or behavioral change. 6 The components which were extracted from Phyllanthus niruri by the use of methanol, optionally after being extracted by hexane and benzene, have been found to have in vitro hepatitis B virus - DNA polymerase inhibitory activity and hepatitis B surface antigen binding activity. Further more they can be used in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of hepatitis B virus. The most recent research has revealed that antiviral activities of Phyllanthus niruri has extended to human immunodeficiency virus (HTV). It has been found, that reandusinic acid A, which was isolated as repandusinic acid A monosodium salt from aqueous extract Of Phyllanthus niruri has showed activity against HIV reverse transcriptase. In a recent study it was found, that 'niruriside' was one of the constituents to show activity against HIV. An aqueous extract of the leaves of Phyllanthus niruri has exhibited hypoglycaemic activity in normal and alloxan diabetic rabbits. In another study alcoholic extract of leaves at an oral dose of 250 mg/kg has produced a significant decrease in the blood glucose level of alloxan induced diabetic rabbits. ' ' "!. ' ' Ellagic acid, brevifolin carboxylic acid and ethyl brevifolin carboxylate which were isolated from an ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus niruri has shown aldose reductase (AR) inhibitory activity. Among them, ellagic acid has shown the highest inhibitory activity, being about 6 times more potent than quercitrin, which is a known natural inhibitor of AR. i The linans, phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin and nirtetralin from aerial parts Phyllanthus niruri was identified as non-peptidic endothelin antagonists. (Endothelin is a potent vascoconstrictor peptide which could be involved in the production of hypertention peptide) 6.2 ETHNOMEDICTNE Worldwide uses of Phyllanthus niruri Country Uses Amazonia Gallstones, Kidney Diseases, Kidney Stones Bahamas Aperitif, Cold, Constipation, Fever, Flu, Laxative, Stomach Ache, Typhoid Brazil Joint Ache, Antispasmodic, Bladder Diseases, Cystitis, Diabetes, Diuretic, Fever, Gallbladder Diseases, Gallstone, Hepatitis, Hydropsy, Kidney Trouble, Kidney Stones, Liver, Prostate and Urinary Diseases Elsewhere Blennorrhagia, Diabetes, Diarrhoea, Diuretic, Dropsy, Dysentery, Dyspepsia, Emmenagogue, Fever, Gallstone, Gonorrhea, Kidney Stones, Malaria, Tonic 7 Haiti Stomach Ache,, Carminative, Colic, Digestive, Diuretic, Fever, Malaria, Stomachic, Tenesmus , India . Anemia, Asthma, Bronchitis, Cough, Diuretic, Dysentery, Gonorrhea, Hepatitis, Jaundice, Thirst, Tuberculosis, Abdomen Tumor Java Cough, Gonorrhea, Stomachache Malaya Caterpillersting, Dermatosis, Diarrhoea, Diuretic, Itch, Miscarriage, Piscicide, Renosis, Syphilis, Vertigo., Marianas Dysentery, Itch, Rectitis, Vaginitis Peru Diuretic, Hepatitis, Gallstone, Kidney Stones Phyllanthus has been used in ayurvedic system of medicine for over 2,000 years and has a wide number of traditional uses. In Sri Lanka, the juice of the plant is given as a diuretic in gonorrhea and the root along with other drugs for diarrhoea. The whole plant grounded to a paste is given with cow's milk for jaundice. In India, whole plant is used as a diuretic in dropsical affections, gonorrhea and other troubles of the genito-urinary tract. Infusions of young shoots are given in dysentery. Fresh root is used as a remedy for jaundice. Milky juice is used as application to offensive sores. Powered leaves and roots are pulverized and made into poultice with rice water used to lessen oedematous swellings and ulcers. A decoction of the plant is administered in jaundice or half ounce rubbed up in a cup of milk is given morning and evening, or the root or the dried small bitter leaves in powder, are used in teaspoonfiil doses. Young tender shoots are administered in the form of infusion for chronic dysentery. The juice of the stem mixed with oil is used in opthalmia. The whole plant pounded with its root and combined with rice water is used as poultice for ulcers, sores and swellings. A poultice of the leaves mixed with salt cures itch and other skin affections. In Brazil, a tea made from the whole plant is used as a treatment for painful kidneys. Boiled plant is used to treat poor appetite, constipation, typhoid fever in Bahamas. 6.2.1 Home remedies from Phyllanthus niruri Jaundice : A decoction is prepared using one cup of root with four cups of water boiled till it is reduced to one cup in a covered vessel. Infused for 20 minutes, and filtered and is taken in dosages of one cup per day for a week, on an empty stomach. Alternatively 10 grams of root, grounded in milk is taken twice a day. 8 Dysentery : An infusion is prepared from dried and cleaned young shoots of the plant by pouring boiling water. It is left for 20 minutes is filtered and drunk. Stomach upset: An is infusion prepared with dry clean leaves by pouring boiling water, infused and filtered, before drinking. Constipation or as a diuretic or digestive : A decoction is made of the whole plant, reduced to quarter and taken on an empty stomach daily for a week. Leaves in powdered form can also be taken in teaspoon doses. Sores : Milky juice of the washed ground plant, is strained through a clean cloth and applied on to the sore. Malaria : A decoction of the whole plant can be taken. 9 BIBLIOGRAPHY l.Agarwal,K., Dhir,H., Sharma,A. and Talukder,G. The efficacy of two species of Phyllanthus in counteracting nickel clastogenicity. Fitoterapia 63(l)p.49-54 (1992) 2.Agarwal, Tripti and Tiwari, J.S. A note on the flavanoid & other constituents of Phyllanthus genus. JJndian Chem.Soc. 68(8)p.479-80 (1991) 3.Agrawal,S.S., Garg,A. and Agrawal, S. Screening of Phyllanthus niruri L.& Kcommunis L. on Alcohol-induced liver cell damage in non-hepatectomized & partially hepatectomized rats. Indian J. Pharmacol. 18(4)p.211-214 (1986) 4.Ahmad,M.U., Husain,S.K. and Osman, S.M. Ricinoleic acid in Phyllanthus niruri seed oil. JAm.OilChem.Soc. 58(6)p.673-4 (1981) 5.Bagchi,G.D, Srivastava,G.N. and Singh,S.C. Distinguishing features of medicinal herbaceous species of Phyllanthus occurring in Lucknow District(U.P.) India. 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