Some biases in the generators of technologies by Rubber Research Institute

Abstract

This paper considers the distortion in economic use of resources flowing from the generation of partly inappropriate techniques and technologies. This distortion comes to the situation of smallholdings. As an introduction to the paper some pertinent economics concepts are discussed. A review is made of past research in the major rubber producting countries, and highlights the almost exclusive concentration until recently on techniques and technologies suitable for estate conditions. Some specific examples of bias are reviewed in detail and desirable economic adjustment, in application to the circumstance of smallholdings, are suggested. The examples of major concern involve research on tapping systems, and on planting methods including the specific aspects of tree planting densities, intercropping and wedding. There is also the overall problem that the basic levels of input use on rubber research stations are usually inappropriate to realistic experimentation on the problems of smallholders. It is believed that a better adaptation of available techniques and technologies to the situation of rubber smallholdings can produce substantial economic benefits.